Witchcraft During Medieval Times - 856 Words

During medieval times, there was a constant uproar when it came to difference in religions, as leaders preferred there be one sacred religion, Christianity. Around the 15th century, leading into the 16th century, in European countries, such as Germany and surrounding providences, witchcraft became the new practice, which was frowned upon. Anyone accused of being a witch, could not receive a fair trial, as they were persecuted, tricked into confession, humiliated, inhumanly tortured, and put to death by the numbers. Witchcraft was known, as a practice, in which, one would give themselves, over to the devil; in return, sorcery would be gained (Witchcraft Documents [15th Century], 1996). Due to fear, and the misunderstandings, of natural disasters, witches were said, to be the cause of a multitude of events. Uneducated, about the scientific reasoning, behind; miscarriages, the destruction of crops, any lifeform that had perished, in addition, to any other mishap; inevitably, witchcraft would be to blame (Witchcraft Documents [15th Century], 1996). In an attempt, to preserve Catholicism, Pope Innocent VIII, supported, the persecution of witches. The excerpt â€Å"Innocent VIII: BULL Summis desiderantes, Dec. 5th, 1484,† is a memoriam, listing desires and requirements, as to how witches convicted, should be hunted and put on trial (Witchcraft Documents [15th Century], 1996). To help preserve and spread Catholicism, would mean to, capture all who have, disrupted peace, in upper partsShow MoreRelatedWitchcraft And Superstition In Medieval Europe1654 Words   |  7 PagesWitchcraft and superstition in Medieval Europe The concept of witchcraft and superstition stretches over a long period of time. The idea became familiar around 560 B.C when the two old testaments denounced witches and the belief in them. The idea is said to have originated in Europe, rapidly spreading around the world. Medieval Europe was an era that solely believed in magic, witches and the supernatural. In the Middle Ages witchcraft was viewed as a heinous crime that was punishable by deathRead MoreWitchcraft1717 Words   |  7 PagesDruga gimnazija Sarajevo IB World School Middle Years Programme HISTORY Reformation in Europe in 16th century ------------------------------------------------- Witchcraft WORD COUNT 1138 Sarajevo, October 2012 Action Plan For this essay I choose to write about witchcraft in the 16th and 17th century since I find the topic extremely interesting the write about. Given that we only have a paragraph about it in out History textbooks, I will have to look into other books and also searchRead MoreThe Role Of Witchcraft And Witchcraft944 Words   |  4 PagesWitchcraft and the Weird Sisters The practice of witchcraft and the dark arts has been around for centuries. There are countless books, movies, plays, and television shows today that revolve around witchcraft and the practice of witchcraft. One of the most prominent eras for witchcraft was during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries within the Medieval and Renaissance time periods. 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Joan of Arc didn t expect to be a helpless woman trapped in a tower, doomed until her knight in shining armor saved her. She saved the French army from losing to Britain in the Hundred Years’ War. In 1412, Jeanne d’Arc was born on a small farm in France. During this time period, thereRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials, The Holocaust, And The Serbian Croatia1109 Words   |  5 PagesMotive is a reason for doing something, especially one that is hidden or not obvious. What is the intended motive behind the massacre of innocents during to Salem Witch Trials, The Holocaust, and the Serbian Croatia Killings? Everyone has a motive for what they are doing even if they are not aware of it. There are two types of motives, those that are truly good and some that are evil. It is hard to tell the difference between the two types because in the eyes of a man it is what they believe andRead MoreDo You Believe? Evil? Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesDo you believe in good? Do you believe in evil? ...if the answer is yes; then you must believe in Witchcraft. A spooky and evil subject matter that might seem cartoonish, ludicrous or maybe just a myth. Or maybe a reality persisting evil on to the 21st century and beyond towards the future? King James I of Scotland believed in witches’ in fact he claimed to have encountered witches and help prosecute plus execute them thus paving way for his guide on witches entitled: â€Å"Demonology† a book explainingRead MoreWitchcraft : An Expert Among The Secular Nobility1288 Words   |  6 Pagesbare all I know about witchcraft, for I see that I hav e death to expect. (Internet History Sourcebooks Project) After being assured that by carrying out this confession, he would be absolved of all of his sins, the man provided all of the knowledge that had about witchcraft and offered himself for execution. In his revelation of the methods of witchcraft that he knew, the man laid out the steps that one had to follow in order to become a true practitioner of witchcraft. First, he said, the futureRead MoreWomen s View Of A Patriarchal World1279 Words   |  6 PagesWith a medieval Europe’s view of a patriarchal world, the idea of women as an inferiority to men was inevitable. However, the idea of women being â€Å"the wicked of all wickedness† (Kramer) elevated such view into what we know as misogyny. The medieval witch trials exemplifies the product of gender specific hatred outweighing the initial view of religious cleansing and stability. Thus, one argues that while both men and women were accused of being witches, the driving force behind such hysterical eventRead MoreWitchcraft1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence has existed since the dawn of human history. It has been present or central at various times, and in many diverse forms, among cultures and religions worldwide, including both primitive and highly advanced cultures, and continues to have an important role in many cultures today. Historically, the predominant concept of witchcraft in the Western world derives from Old Testament laws against witchcraft, and entered the mainstream when

Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid...

Solving Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Modules Chukwuedozie N. Ezema1, Patrick I. Obi 1 and Chukwuebuka N. Umezinwa 2 1 Department of Electrical /Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU), Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria 2 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Imo State Polytechnic Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT This paper examined solving electric power transmission line faults using hybrid artificial neural network modules. This paper focuses on detecting, classifying and locating faults on electric power transmission lines. Fault detection, fault classification and fault location have been achieved by using artificial intelligence (hybrid artificial neural-network modules). To simulate the entire power transmission line model and to obtain the training data set, MATLAB R2010a has been used along with the Sim Power Systems toolbox in Simulink. In order to train and analyze the performance of the neural networks, the Artificial Neural Networks Toolbox has been used extensively. Feed forward networks have been employed along with back propagation algorithm for each of the three phases in the fault diagnosis process. Analysis on neural networks with varying number of hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks in each step. Simula tion results have been provided to demonstrate that artificial neural network based methods areShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake StreetRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesmany issues and facts in each element, but you put down only the important ones. It is also important to avoid the common error of over-emphasis on the ï ¬ rm in question. So, assuming the ï ¬ rm operates Analyse the ï ¬ ve forces (that is, supplier power, buyer power, potential entrants, substitute products and rivalry among competitors) and explain brieï ¬â€šy what is signiï ¬ cant for each. For example, what are the issues involved in new entrants into the industry? For the implantable hearing devices industryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPrentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street

The Struggle between Social Classes Free Essays

Rich girl marrying a poor boy or vice versa—this is a very recurrent theme in love stories of all times. In the film genre, this theme also serves as a topic of interest as it reveals the conflict between the upper and the lower classes in society. In Jack Clayton’s (1959) film, Room at the Top, the director shows how the struggle between the two classes operates in the British society after the World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on The Struggle between Social Classes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depicting a poor man’s struggle as he tries to alter his place in society, the film attempts to mirror the reality that the poor will likely give in to the intention of the rich in view of economic struggle. Analysis of the characterisation, plot, theme, and motifs used in the film provides viewers a better knowledge of the two social classes. Characterisation The beginning of the film strongly suggests representations of the lower class. The main character, Joe Lampton (played by Laurence Harvey) is depicted sitting comfortably on a train, with his feet raised on the opposite seat, thus showing his mended socks. The introduction alone shows the man’s class standing, as he cannot afford to buy a new pair of socks, and resorts instead to wearing an old and tottered pair. This attitude of settling with the second best or whatever is available is reflected in his choice of women. Realising the difficulty of having Susan Brown as his girl due to the conflict in their social standing, Joe resorts to Alice Aisgill (played by Simone Signoret), his colleague, despite their big age difference. A number of juxtapositions are presented in the film. For instance, in spite of Joe’s financial incapability as symbolised by the socks, he wears the usual coat and tie as he reports for work. Whilst the first denotes poverty, the other suggests decency. Note that the coat and tie is customary in the British society especially in business affairs. As such, he and his colleagues wear the same type of clothing, which somehow levels off their status with that of the rich. Nevertheless, this does not change Joe’s social standing, and the way Susan’s family and friends view him. Based on his position as an accountant in Borough’s Treasurer’s Department, Joe is unquestionably educated. However, this does not necessarily help raise his social status as one belonging to the working class. This implies that it is not enough for a person to obtain education and a white-collared job in order to rise in the social hierarchy. Rather, marriage to a rich girl such as Susan, the daughter of a factory owner, could change one’s fortune as proposed later in the film. Juxtaposition is likewise established between the characters. For instance, Joe’s character is presented in opposition with Susan’s suitor, who is influential and sociable. Joe, being a newcomer in the Dufton, seldom socialises with his colleagues, and instead relates closely with a few of them, including Alice, whom he falls in love with later. He is also seen in contrast with Susan, the girl who attracts him a lot. Their social standing primarily draws the line between them. Whilst Joe needs to work hard and establish connection with his colleagues, Susan does not need to work, and instead spends her time acting in local theatre. Also, whilst Joe transfers to Dufton to obtain employment, Susan is free to go on vacation as she pleases. Moreover, juxtaposition is also established between the two female characters, Alice and Susan. Aside from the women’s ages and marital status, they also differ in social status, in that Alice is an average office worker, whilst Susan is the daughter of an owner of a factory. This social difference between the two results in a struggle between them as Susan gets pregnant. Although Joe loves Alice more, and has planned to marry her, Mr. Brown’s (Susan’s father) proposition convinces Joe to change his mind, thus making way for the bourgeois to win over the proletarian. In addition, Alice’s former marriage to their colleague also makes less favourable, especially since her former husband would not agree to divorce. Considering this, the film does not only present struggles between social classes; it also demonstrates struggles based on gender as the women’s fate depends on Joe’s final decision. Further to the contrast between Alice and Susan, the former demonstrates more freedom of will, as she does things she likes, ie, shifts career, separates from her husband, and establishes relationship with Joe. Her habit of cigarette smoking throughout the film shows Alice’s easy-going and independent character; although it reflects her tensions in life at the same time. In contrast, Susan is pictured as a fresh and young girl, healthy-looking and innocent. Her social status prevents her from associating with the lower class, such as Joe, but it does not ultimately defeats her will to be independent. Plot The plot of the film supports the idea of struggle between the social classes. It shows a single unified structure, with the conflict appearing near the end, as Joe decides to marry Susan due to the latter’s pregnant condition. His decision conflicts with his wish to marry Alice. Thus, when the latter finds out, she gets totally devastated, and drowns in her sorrow and alcohol, which later leads to her death by car accident. Earlier in the story, Susan’s parents try to separate her from Joe by making her take a vacation. This motive demonstrates the struggle between social classes, in that the bourgeois discriminates the other, by preventing marriage between them. Later on, as Mr. Brown realises his daughter’s condition, he tries to buy off Joe, and offers to make him rich if Joe does what he commands. Initially, Joe exercises his pride and rejects the offer, but realising that Alice cannot be married with him, and that life with Susan would make his life comfortable, he agrees to the proposition and marries Susan. As such, the class struggle is evident. Mr. Brown uses his money and power to buy off Joe. For his part, Joe cannot disagree with Mr. Brown for he sees this opportunity to escape his current social status. Being Susan’s husband, Joe does not need to work anymore, and all else will go smoothly because Susan is very wealthy. However, just as Joe attempts to escape his own social structure, he is haunted by it, with the death of Alice. Along with the proposition of Mr. Brown to make Joe a rich man is the defeat of the proletarian class. As Joe accepts the offer, he disremembers Alice’s sacrifices and love for him. What is sadder about it is knowing how little time it takes Joe to decide about leaving Alice. As shown in the film, everything happens over one dinner, too short a time to change plans or think things over; thus implying the power of money to further establish social injustice and discrimination, and in turn disregard social equality. Theme The main theme of the film, which is the struggle between social structures, relates to Marxist perspectives. Specifically, the presence of the two opposing structures, the bourgeois (as presented by Susan and her family) and the proletarian (Joe, Alice, and the other employees) implies the conflict in the film. As Marx Engels (1848) claim, there is a social struggle that exists between the bourgeois or the middle class, â€Å"that sprouted from the ruins of feudal society,† and â€Å"established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. † In the film, as Mr. Brown gives Joe the marriage proposal, he implies designing Joe’s entire life—his marriage and career, in order to make sure it fits the structure that Susan is born with. Such plan illustrates â€Å"a new condition of oppression,† a new form of struggle for the proletarian. Physical attraction is what leads to the theme of social struggle. Everything starts as Joe becomes attracted to Susan and vice versa. Indeed, the two social classes would not conflict with each other if not for Joe’s feelings for Susan. In this consideration, one may see that the effort to reach or blend with another social class may result in a much worse conflict between them. However, such conflict could later lead to â€Å"permanently changing social relations within the system† (Strasser and Randall, 1981, p. 44). Thus, Susan’s pregnancy leads to â€Å"the development of new patterns of social relations,† between him and the Browns. Suddenly, Susan’s parents accept Joe as their daughter’s husband, owing to the reputation that they try to maintain in society. Motifs As mentioned above, the proletarian or working class is given focus in the film. Clayton uses realistic setting and motifs to depict the lives of the working class of the 50s. Amongst these include the dark, small houses where Alice and Joe spend their love affair, the male boarding house where Joe resides with her friend Soames, the local train which characterises the transportation means of the common people, and Joe’s seemingly abandoned house where he brings Susan the night they elope. The use of realistic setting thus emphasises the life lived by the proletarians. Juxtaposition is likewise applied to the setting. When Joe visits Susan, he is amazed by the huge house, which consists of the long halls, partitioned rooms, and the big lawn. Servants are available any moment they are needed. This is in full contrast with Alice’s place, which is dark and small. Aside from setting, the behaviour of the characters likewise mimics the ways of the working class. For instance, cigarette smoking is used vehemently throughout the film, giving impression of the start of the â€Å"new wave† era (Wickham, n. d. ), although such practices may be deemed destructive of the image of the working class. Likewise, the affair between workers despite being committed is also hinted on, which reveals the low regard for morality of the said social class. Furthermore, the Alice’s fate at the end also reveals the proletarian’s lack of strength to face reality, the tendency to be alcoholic, and the low self-esteem amongst them. In contrast, the ways of the bourgeois are seen in better light. They are dressed neatly on each occasion; specifically, Susan’s mother shows modesty by the way she behaves and carries herself even whilst at home, whilst Susan shows coyness towards Joe. However, the proletarians are pictured with more social dynamics than their counterpart. This is seen as Soemes introduces Joe to their officemates. Everyone, despite their positions in the company, welcomes Joe with glee, whilst Susan’s suitor intimidates him. During the party where Joe and Susan meet again, the guests seated with the Browns look at Joe with contempt, after finding out that he does not belong to their social circle. In sum, whilst the proletarians are depicted as misguided and weak, the bourgeois are seen as virulent and vile. The monotonous music that the director employs does not entirely affect the whole of the film, yet it helps highlight important scenes such as the introduction, the falling in love and break up between Joe and Alice, the news about Alice’s death, the wedding, etc. Likewise, the actors’ costumes, which are limited to office and home settings, depict the simplicity of the people in the 50s. The director’s effort to make everything look realistic, from the setting, the costumes, the love scenes, the dialogues to the props, allows the viewers to see the film in a realistic perspective. Moreover, the plot structure, which shows the dilemma of a man in choosing between the woman he loves but cannot possess and the woman who merely attracts her but is prepared to be his wife, adds to the realism of the film. The only element that seems irrelevant yet not impossible is the time when Joe encounters the mob just before his wedding. This scene is irrelevant to the plot, but may have been added to achieve catharsis. Since Joe is the cause of Alice’s accidental death, he is made to pay for what he does before he marries Susan. Despite the irrelevance of the mob scene to the plot, it nevertheless presents other aspects of the proletarians. As depicted in the film, the men that beat Joe are not scavengers; rather, they are working men, considering the way they are dressed up. Based on this scene, the proletarians in the British society are pictured as ruthless just like the bourgeois who would buy off people’s freedom in order to make their daughter happy. As Joe decides to leave Alice for Susan, the film once again shows that in the face of struggle between the two classes, it is usually those in the upper class that emerge as the winner, leaving behind the poor at the losing end. References Marx, K. Engels, F. (1848) The manifesto, Available at http://www. anu. edu. au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto. html [Accessed on 23rd July 2009]. Room at the Top (1959) Directed by Jack Clayton, London, British Lion Films [video:DVD] . Strasser, H. Randall, S. (1981) An introduction to theories of social change. London, Routledge. Wickham, P. (N. d. ). Room at the Top (1958). Available at http://www. screenonline. org. uk/film/id/440778/ [Accessed on 23rd July 2009]. How to cite The Struggle between Social Classes, Papers

My Place Journey free essay sample

The novel â€Å"My Place† reveals that the consequences, changes and the purpose of a journey can only be understood by insight. Initially, Nan is portrayed as a petulant woman, distant from the reader, as there is no emotional connection created. As Nan’s journey progresses the reader’s perception of Nan is altered as they become aware of the injustice she experienced as an Aboriginal person. This is demonstrated when Nan goes to hospital, and is examined by a group of medical trainees who humiliate and disrespect her because she is aboriginal. â€Å"I’m never going back there. They treat you like an animal†. The simile deepens the reader’s sympathy, as the reader understands the awful injustice that she suffers from. The simile reveals the depths of mistreatment that Nan endures, as it explains that the hospital staff were ignorant of her feelings, and didn’t even recongnise her as a human being. We will write a custom essay sample on My Place Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The emotional connection made between Nan and the reader, allows the reader to change their original perceptions and form a genuine understanding of her journey. When Nan’s traumatic life experiences are revealed, the reader discovers that Nan is extremely ashamed of her aboriginal heritage, which is why the truth to their family history has been hidden with constant deception. From these experiences, the reader feels sympathy and pity for Nan. However, in the final part of Nan’s story, she reflects on her desires for the future of her grandchildren. â€Å"I want you grandchildren to make something of yourselves. You all got brains†¦I hope you’ll never be ‘shamed of me†. The optimistic tone represented in the quote suggests that she has finally accepted her aboriginal heritage, as she believes in the potential of her aboriginal grandchildren, knowing that her heritage had brought her some disadvantages before. The tone also suggests that she wants her grandchildren to embrace their aboriginal heritage, being proud of it rather than being ashamed of it. The reader’s original response to Nan’s journey is changed as they develop a strong sense of respect and admiration for the perpetual hope and spirit of the Aboriginal people. The novel â€Å"My Place† enables the reader to gain the genuine realisation of the journey’s value by allowing the reader to explore the journey itself, with insight.